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Rationale

Fruits are diverse and rich in vitamins, color, flavors, and tastes that provide nutrients, increase disease-prevention, and sensory pleasure to humans. At least 200-300 grams daily fruit consumption is recommended; however, more than half of the global population cannot consume enough fruits to obtain health benefits. Global production of major and minor fruits is steadily increasing with the most increases in tropical fruits, such as pineapple, mango, papaya, durian, mangosteen, dragon fruits and lychee. Tropical fruits are mainly produced by smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries, which helps farmers’ incomes and rural development.

Global production of major tropical fruits was estimated to be 92.2 million tons in 2017, and mango production ranked highest (46 million tons), followed by pineapple (27 million tons), papaya (13 million tons), and avocado (6 million tons). Minor tropical fruits are diverse. The total annual production of minor tropical fruits was estimated to be 24.6 million tons in 2018, and 90% of them are produced in Asia. India is the leading producing region, followed by China, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil, Malaysia, Pakistan, and the Philippines. Guava with 6.8 million tons of annual production dominates the minor tropical fruit group, followed by jackfruit (3.7 million tons), longan and lychee (3.5 million tons each), durian (2.3 million tons), passion fruit (1.5 million tons), rambutan (1.4 million tons), and mangosteen (0.4 million tons).

In contrast to the major tropical fruits, only a small share of minor tropical fruit production enters developed markets. In most production areas, minor tropical fruits are cultivated mainly for subsistence although they contribute significantly to food and nutrition security and rural development. However, the production and trade of minor tropical fruits are gaining importance globally in recognition of their contributions to a healthy diet. In international markets, minor tropical fruits are still regarded as a novelty and niche product. However, market opportunities have been shown to be developed rapidly in China. Demand for various types of minor tropical fruits is also upward in key developed markets, most notably the US and EU, mainly due to increasing health awareness and changing dietary preferences.

The goal of the DFNet II Project is to enhance the capacity of smallholder farmers in the Asia-Pacific region in effectively participating in tropical fruit value chains. To achieve this, the project aims to collect and disseminate information internationally on technologies and services required for the successful production and marketing of safe and healthy fruit. In the past two years, the Project conducted two international workshops, focusing on Global/ Local GAP and e-Commerce, respectively. In 2023, the annual DFNet workshop will highlight value addition program and consumer perspectives. The workshop will be held in a hybrid mode in early May 2023 and invite international speakers to Taiwan to share their knowledge and experiences. A 2 days of field trip to visit fruit production areas and value addition programs in will be arranged.

Value addition programs for fruits are designed to increase the value of the fruit such as through processing, packaging, and marketing. Improving productivity at farm level, reducing postharvest loss, conducting agri-food education program and agrotourism are all important components of value-addition programs for fruit industry. 

Increasing agriculture productivity can be considered a value addition program for the fruit industry in some contexts. By improving productivity and yield, farmers can increase their output of fruits, which can result in more products to sell and potentially higher revenues. In addition, by increasing productivity and yield, farmers can reduce waste and improve the efficiency of their operations. This can help to lower costs and increase profits, which can in turn create more value for the fruit industry. However, it is important to note that productivity and yield alone may not necessarily add value to the fruit industry. For example, if the increased yield is not of high quality or is not meeting market demand, it may not create value for farmers or other stakeholders.

Reducing postharvest loss refers to the preventing the reduction in the quantity and quality of fruits during the storage, transportation, and market phases, which can result in significant economic losses for farmers and other stakeholders in the fruit industry. By implementing measures to reduce postharvest loss and improve quality, the industry can generate additional revenue and increase the value of its products. Some examples of value addition programs for postharvest loss and quality in the fruit industry include improved packaging and storage, applying postharvest treatments (such as washing, disinfection, and the use of fungicides and insecticides), quality control, grading and processing. 

Processing, such as juicing, drying, jam and jelly production, fruit puree, free-drying, fermentation and fruit in fused products can be used to create a range of different products that appeal to different markets and consumer preferences. For those fruits that are not suitable for fresh consumption or in over-produced can be processed into value-added products which can generate additional revenue and reduce postharvest losses due to spoilage.

Agrifood education can be considered a form of value addition for the fruit industry. These programs can provide farmers, processors, and other stakeholders with the knowledge and skills needed to improve the quality of their products, increase yields, reduce waste, and develop new products and markets. Investments in these programs can help to create sustainable and profitable fruit supply chains.

Agrotourism involves activities such as farm visits, culinary experiences, and tasting. It can provide consumers with an opportunity to learn about the different varieties of fruit grown in a region, and how they are produced, harvested, and processed. This can help to increase consumer awareness and appreciation of the quality and uniqueness of local fruit products, which can in turn increase demand and support for these products. Agrotourism can help farmers and stakeholders in the fruit industry diversify their income and build direct relationships with consumers through tours, tastings, and other experiences, which can create more sustainable and resilient supply chains. 

Marketing and branding are important component of value addition for the fruit industry to promote fruit products and create a unique identity for them. By building brand recognition and loyalty among consumers, farmers can build more stable and profitable supply chains. Marketing can also help to promote the nutritional and health benefits of fruits, which can help to increase consumer awareness and demand for these products. Niches to promote greater consumption of fruits can include the following areas as examples, health and wellness, local and sustainable, convenience and snacking, exotic and unique, and kids and families.

Objectives

• Share information on the recent development of tropical fruit production and future program in the Asia-Pacific region.
• Exchange knowledge and experiences in value addition program for tropical fruit industry.
• Identify niches for promotion of greater consumption of tropical fruits.
• Identify potential topics for regional cooperations.

Themes 

• Current development and future direction of tropical fruit industry in the Asian and Pacific countries.
• Value addition programs of tropical fruits for industry and smallholders – successful cases and lesson learnt. 
• Niches to promote tropical fruits for greater consumption and better health.

Workshop highlights 

Nine speakers from seven countries (Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam) were invited to present the latest developments in tropical fruit production and value addition programs in the Asian and Pacific region. The presentation materials include 9 PPTs and 9 papers. Key takeaways were summarized by presentation:

International Workshop

Mr. Yacob Ahmad, TFNet, Malaysia (S1): The global trade of major tropical fruits, including banana, pineapple, mango, avocado, and papaya, is categorized based on their quantity. Additionally, there has been significant progress in the development of minor fruit species such as pitahaya, durian, mangosteen, jackfruit, rambutan, passionfruit, guava, and longan. The production and postharvest practices and technologies in the fruit industry have been shaped by the perishable nature of these fruits, aiming to meet the requirements of domestic and export markets. The sustainability of this industry relies on effectively minimizing challenges and capitalizing on available opportunities. While certain challenges can be mitigated through favorable policies, focused research and development, and infrastructure development, there are also opportunities to consider. These opportunities include continuous market demand, existing and future trade agreements, availability of knowledge and appropriate technologies, private sector involvement, robust value chains, and sound government policies.

Dr. Nguyen Khanh Ngoc, SOFRI, Vietnam (S2): Dr. Ngoc provides an overview of the primary causes of postharvest rots, with a focus on fungal pathogens, and explores various management options. Several fungal genera, including Colletotrichum, Lasiodiplodia, Phomopsis, and Fusarium, are known to have a broad range of hosts in tropical fruits. These pathogens can cause significant postharvest losses in various fruits such as longan, dragon fruit, mango, rambutan, banana, papaya, and melon. Additionally, specific fungal species may be associated exclusively with particular fruit types. Effectively managing postharvest rots requires understanding the timing of infection, life cycles of the pathogens involved, and implementing management strategies that encompass both pre- and postharvest treatments. Conducting further research on the infection processes of different rot pathogens and investigating the impacts of handling damage would contribute to refining postharvest handling practices and treatment recommendations for different types of fruits.

Mr. Wan Mohd Reza Ikwan Bin Wan Hussin, MARDI, Malaysia (S3): The production of tropical fruits in Malaysia has been experiencing a steady increase each year, attributed to the expansion of land area and improved productivity. In 2022, the fruit production reached 1,711,213 tons, compared to 1,686,809 tons in 2020 and 1,549,791 tons in 2019. This consistent growth contributes to a high level of self-sufficiency in Malaysia's fruit consumption and presents opportunities for expanding into export markets. In addition to production, the sustainability of the Malaysian fruit industry heavily relies on the availability of postharvest handling technologies. Recent advancements in this area include the extension of storage life, development of suitable physical and chemical treatments for quality preservation, exploration of minimal processing techniques, and conducting shipment trials to new markets. MARDI has made notable R&D achievements in postharvest handling technologies, specifically in quality maintenance and storage life extension of fruits. Efficient postharvest handling techniques are crucial for gaining and maintaining a competitive advantage in the tropical fruit industry. These techniques play a vital role in reducing losses, adding value to the products, and enhancing market access. By continuously improving postharvest handling practices, the Malaysian fruit industry can ensure its sustainability and capitalize on the potential growth opportunities in domestic and international markets.

Dr. Eriko Yasunaga, The University of Tokyo, Japan (S4): This study focuses on examining the actual distribution environment of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. 'Nam Dok Mai') imported from Thailand to Japan. Various parameters related to the distribution environment, including temperature, humidity, acceleration, ethylene concentration, and CO₂ concentration were measured. Additionally, the study investigated the presence of viable bacteria in soil and irrigation water in mango fields across three regions in Thailand. The results indicated that the respiration rate of mango fruit during storage varied significantly with temperature. However, regardless of the storage temperature, changes in skin color and fruit firmness, as indicated by accumulated respiration rate, exhibited consistent patterns. Moreover, the study demonstrated the possibility of predicting internal qualities such as ascorbic acid content and fruit hardness using appearance quality factors, specifically peel color. This prediction was achieved through the implementation of random forests, a machine learning approach. Overall, this research sheds light on the distribution environment of Thai mango fruit imported to Japan. It highlights the relationship between storage temperature and respiration rate, as well as the potential to predict internal fruit qualities based on external appearance using machine learning techniques.

Dr. Ir. Setyadjit MappSc, BRIN, Indonesia (S5): A comprehensive review is essential to assess the current status of fruit processing technology and industry in Asian-Pacific countries and identify future opportunities for leveraging fruit production. This review aims to explore the potential for meeting local demands within Asian countries and expanding into markets beyond the Asia-Pacific region. The focus of this study is to evaluate processing techniques that can be adopted by small and medium enterprises, micro-enterprises, and home industries. Additionally, the review incorporates the sharing of successful experiences from various Asia-Pacific countries, with a particular emphasis on Indonesia, as well as insights from published papers worldwide. Furthermore, this study highlights the future prospects, programs, and challenges that can benefit all stakeholders involved. It emphasizes the importance of progress in research and innovation to further enhance the fruit processing industry. By identifying and addressing these prospects and challenges, the study aims to provide valuable insights for the advancement and growth of the fruit processing sector, ultimately benefiting all stakeholders involved in the industry.

Ms. Morna Meng-Na Lee, Taiwan Shohido International Co., Taiwan (S6): The use of natural cleansers, which are characterized by their plant-based ingredients, is an emerging trend in the cleansing industry, particularly among multinational consumer giants. These natural cleansers typically include four key ingredients:

1. Non-artificial sulfate or non-chemical sulfate
2. Natural identical fragrance
3. Cleansing agents with Enzyme or Ethanol
4. Liquid Soap

Of particular importance in natural cleansers is the use of bromelain enzyme, derived from fermented pineapple. This enzyme has demonstrated its effectiveness in resolving issues related to hard water or the removal of fats and grease in liquid natural cleansers. Taiwan, with over 10,000 hectares of pineapple farms, produces an estimated 500,000 tons of pineapples annually. By utilizing approximately 5% of this pineapple fruit for bromelain enzyme extraction, it has the potential to benefit farmers, industries, and consumers alike. Implementing a value addition program for pineapple farmers is crucial to promote a sustainable pineapple industry and foster the development of its value chain in Taiwan.

Dr. Denise Maria Conroy, PFR, New Zealand (S7): Tropical fruits are abundant sources of various macro- and micro-nutrients, as well as bioactive compounds that offer health benefits. While certain major tropical fruits like mangoes and pineapples have gained popularity worldwide, there is a wide range of lesser-known minor tropical fruits that hold significant market potential due to their nutritional value and unique sensory profiles. Many of these minor tropical fruits remain in the exotic niche category for European and North American markets, while Southeast Asian countries contribute to approximately one third of the global production of these fruits. This presentation emphasizes the importance of extensive research to unlock the full potential of these lesser-known tropical fruits. It is crucial to understand their sensory and nutrient profiles and develop technologies that ensure high-quality production. Additionally, comprehending consumer preferences and demands is essential when introducing these fruits to target markets. Segmentation of consumers based on their diverse preferences and demands is vital to effectively implement tailored marketing strategies in these countries. By conducting thorough research, understanding consumer preferences, and implementing targeted marketing approaches, the market potential of these lesser-known tropical fruits can be fully realized. This would not only benefit producers and suppliers but also provide consumers with a wider range of nutritious and unique fruit options.

Mr. Shinji Ohta, Creative House Corporation, Japan (S8): This presentation aims to analyze the consumer portfolio and fruit markets in Japan, considering the mature and sustained agriculture industry predominantly supported by senior generations. The analysis is based on statistics provided by the government of Japan and market information from organizations that support agriculture in the country. According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry (MAFF), fresh fruits account for 88% (2,362 tons) of domestic fruit production, while processed fruits represent 12% (335 tons). A survey on fruit consumption reveals that consumers in Japan prioritize factors such as reasonable prices, convenience, and long shelf life when making their fruit purchasing decisions. To sustain the growth of agriculture in Japan, this study proposes several suggestions across different categories:

1. Business opportunities and challenges
2. Compliance and risk mitigation control
3. Process management
4. Supply chain management
5. Quality control
6. Packaging
7. Government support programs
8. Best practices and key success factors

By addressing these various aspects, the agriculture industry in Japan can sustain growth and adapt to the evolving consumer demands and market dynamics.

Ms. Annette M. Tobias, DOST-PCAARRD, the Philippines (S9): The Philippines possesses fertile land and favorable climatic conditions that support the cultivation of a wide variety of fruit crops. However, despite having around 300 edible fruit and nut species, only a limited number of fruits, approximately 20 species, are commercially produced in the country. Furthermore, research and development (R&D) efforts have been limited for many of these fruits. Although the Philippines benefits from the cultivation of major fruits, there are several underutilized fruits that hold promising economic potential. These include guava, sugar apple, soursop, and tamarind. This presentation aims to provide a rapid market appraisal of these four underutilized fruits, analyzing their current market status, potential, and identifying the constraints that hinder their development. By understanding these aspects, the presentation aims to formulate effective R&D interventions to promote the growth and utilization of these fruits. In addition to market appraisal, it is recommended to review and advocate for policies related to land-use conversion and illegal tree-cutting. By examining these issues and relevant policies, steps can be taken to address challenges and create an enabling environment for fruit production. It is essential to improve government programs, address non-compliance with guidelines, and prioritize science-based production methods. These actions can contribute to the overall enhancement of the fruit industry in the Philippines and maximize the economic potential of underutilized fruits. By conducting further research, implementing relevant policies, and focusing on R&D interventions, the Philippines can unlock the economic opportunities presented by underutilized fruits and strengthen its position in the fruit market.

Panel Discussion

This session invited 3 DFNet members, also speakers and moderators in this workshop, to share their views and was moderated by the consultant of International Tropical Fruit Network (TFNet), Mr. Yacob Ahmad. The key discussion points were summarized below:

Point 1. Dr. Wen-Li Lee uses Taiwan as an example to illustrate strategies for maintaining ambitious production in the tropical fruit industry. The domestic and export markets present distinct challenges, with price vulnerability to production volume being a key concern in the domestic market, and the need to adapt to customer requirements and adhere to quarantine regulations being crucial in the export market. Governmental extension departments and research institutes, such as Dr. Lee and his team, play a vital role in disseminating the latest information to farmers, farmers' associations, and export companies. They accomplish this through regular training workshops aimed at keeping stakeholders updated on industry developments and best practices.

In addition, Dr. Lee emphasizes the importance of uniting small farmers to enhance their bargaining power and expand the range of export fruit categories. By forming alliances, small farmers can collectively negotiate better terms and conditions, resulting in increased profitability and competitiveness. Furthermore, this collaboration can lead to cost reductions in terms of agricultural inputs, strengthening the connection between production and consumption markets.

Point 2. According to Dr. Denise Conroy, a recommended strategy for producers in volatile markets is to differentiate their brands and stand out from the competition. She noted that prior to 1950, snacks were the dominant commodities in the market. However, with the increasing public awareness of healthy eating, the present time presents an opportunity for the fruit industry to further expand its market share.

Dr. Denise Conroy also explored the relationship between demographic factors and fruit consumption. She observed a general trend indicating that children and older adults are the primary consumers of fruits. Children often consume fruits provided by their parents, while older adults prioritize fruits as part of their dietary needs. This highlights the importance of targeting these specific demographic groups when promoting fruit consumption.

By emphasizing brand distinctiveness and capitalizing on the growing demand for healthy food choices, producers in the fruit industry can enhance their market position. Additionally, recognizing the demographic preferences and behaviors related to fruit consumption allows for more targeted marketing efforts to effectively reach the desired consumer segments.

Point 3. According to Dr. Wen-Li Lee, breeders play a significant role in addressing the challenges of erratic markets and meeting the dynamic demands of consumers, ultimately helping farmers earn revenue. Breeders are responsible for developing and introducing new fruit varieties that align with consumer preferences and market trends. By continuously innovating and introducing new varieties, breeders can provide farmers with options that are better suited to meet changing consumer demands. Additionally, breeders have the responsibility to actively educate consumers about the specific health benefits associated with each fruit variety. This involves highlighting the unique attributes and nutritional advantages of different fruit varieties. By promoting the health benefits, breeders can help diversify market niches and stimulate consumer demand for specific fruit varieties.

Dr. Denise Conroy emphasized the importance of a smart marketing strategy in this context. The example of the Kiwi brand demonstrates how marketing teams can create uniqueness for each kiwi fruit variety and associate them with specific health benefits. By effectively communicating the distinctive qualities and advantages of each variety, breeders and marketing teams can stimulate consumer interest and drive demand for specific fruit varieties.

Point 4    . Mr. Shinji Ohta highlighted a marketing case involving Japanese mangoes, specifically from Okinawa and Miyazaki regions, as a business promotion strategy for tropical fruits. He mentioned that through an active and comprehensive marketing campaign led by the Japanese government, the perception among most Japanese people was that Miyazaki, rather than Okinawa, was the main origin of domestically produced mangoes. This was even though Okinawa is the primary mango production area in Japan, Miyazaki's mango industry is relatively new. Based on this case, Mr. Ohta recommended that continuous marketing promotion, conducted by either public or private sectors, would be an effective approach to expand the business of tropical fruits and reach more consumers in different regions. By raising awareness and promoting the unique qualities and origins of tropical fruits, marketing efforts can help educate consumers and change their perceptions, leading to increased demand and market growth.

The case of Japanese mangoes illustrates the importance of strategic marketing campaigns in shaping consumer perceptions and preferences. By emphasizing the distinctive characteristics and origins of tropical fruits, marketing efforts can create a stronger market presence and expand business opportunities for producers. Ongoing promotion and collaboration between public and private sectors are essential to maintaining and increasing consumer interest in tropical fruits across different regions.

Point 5    . According to Dr. Wen-Li Lee, predicting the market and price in advance for tropical fruits can be challenging due to the unpredictable nature of weather conditions, especially for field crops. However, he suggested that achieving a whole year supply is possible by teaching farmers how to adjust their farm operations. This approach aims to reduce price inflation for consumers and ensure stable revenue for farmers. In addition to addressing supply challenges, Dr. Lee highlighted two key factors that farmers can consider enhancing market opportunities and increase profit margins. The first factor is consumption convenience, which involves developing packaging and product formats that cater to the preferences and needs of consumers. By making tropical fruits more convenient and accessible for consumers, farmers can potentially capture a larger market share.

The second factor is the scale of operation, particularly focusing on family-scale businesses. By emphasizing the unique aspects of family-scale consumption, farmers can create a distinct selling point and potentially command higher margins. This approach aligns with the increasing consumer demand for preferring small and convenient package.

Suggestions and conclusions

• Further research on different rot pathogens and investigating the impacts of handling damage would contribute to refining postharvest handling practices and treatment recommendations for different types of fruits.
  • Machine Learning could be applied to identify the relationship between storage temperature and respiration rate, as well as the potential to predict internal fruit qualities based on external appearance.
  • Implementing a value addition program for pineapple farmers is crucial to promote a sustainable pineapple industry and foster the development of its value chain.
  • Segmentation of consumers based on their diverse preferences and demands is vital to effectively implement tailored marketing strategies.
  • Prioritizing science-based production methods can contribute to the overall enhancement of the fruit industry and maximize the economic potential of underutilized fruits.
  • Small farmers can collectively negotiate better terms and conditions, resulting in increased profitability and competitiveness, through alliance forming.
  • Recognizing the demographic preferences and behaviors related to fruit consumption allows for more targeted marketing efforts to effectively reach the desired consumer segments.
  • Breeders contribute to addressing the challenges of erratic markets and fulfilling the dynamic demands of consumers by developing new fruit varieties and actively educating consumers about the health benefits associated with each variety.

Outcomes 

Roughly 110 people registered and attended for the workshop onsite and online, including participants from Taiwan (48%), Bangladesh, Fiji, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Among the registrants, 52% of those belonged to the public sectors, while 5% were from the private sectors, and the rest were from research institutes, universities and international organizations. The online workshop was livestreamed and broadcasted on two platforms, the Cisco Webex Event (Max. 1,000) and the FFTC Facebook pages where simultaneous translation service was provided. The Feedback form was circulated to the registered participants immediately after the workshop. Nearly all respondents were very satisfied with the workshop in all aspects (content, relevance and logistics). Overall, the workshop was regarded as successful in terms of planning, coordination, and execution.

Workshop videos can be watched at:
Chinese channel: https://fb.watch/ktIAhk8Xlm/

Introduction of workshop field visit sites

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