About

Project Information

Rationale

Fruits, with their diverse array of vitamins, colors, flavors, and tastes, not only provide essential nutrients but also contribute to disease prevention and sensory pleasure for humans. The daily consumption of at least 200-300 grams of fruits is recommended for health benefits. Unfortunately, over half of the global population struggles to meet this guideline. Global fruit production is on the rise, primarily driven by the growth of tropical fruits such as pineapple, mango, papaya, lychee, and dragon fruits. Small-holder farmers in low- and middle-income countries are the backbone of tropical fruit production, contributing significantly to rural development and income generation.

However, the looming threat of climate change presents significant challenges to agricultural systems worldwide, with the tropics and small-holder farmers being particularly vulnerable. This vulnerability arises from complex factors, including economic limitations, heavy reliance on natural resources and ecosystem services, and the region's sensitivity to temperature fluctuations.

Tropical fruits thrive in warm weather, with specific temperature ranges being critical for optimal growth and quality at various stages of development. Any deviation from these ideal conditions can significantly impact production and fruit quality. Climate variables, such as shifting temperatures, water availability, pests, diseases, and farming practices, all exert influence on tropical fruit production. Consequently, fruit crops grown in areas with historically high temperatures may need to consider relocating due to changing climate patterns.

Urgent mitigation strategies are required to enhance adaptive capacity and minimize climate change's adverse effects. These strategies include the adoption of suitable and improved cultivars, alterations in cultural practices, improved water management, microclimate modifications, and soil organic carbon enhancement. Additionally, shifting tropical fruit cultivation to new areas is a viable adaptation option. Leveraging historical climate data, ensemble modeling, spatial analysis, and agro-climatic zoning can help identify climate-related risks and landscape indicators, guiding future strategy development and planning.

To mitigate the impact of climate change on tropical fruit production, growers may consider several strategies:

• Varietal Selection: Choosing fruit varieties resilient to changing climate conditions, such as heat-tolerant or drought-resistant varieties.
• Improved Irrigation: Investing in efficient irrigation systems to maintain consistent moisture levels, especially during dry periods.
• Pest and Disease Management: Implementing integrated pest management practices to combat increased pest and disease pressures.
• Adaptive Farming Practices: Adjusting planting dates, pruning methods, and other cultural practices to align with changing climate patterns.
• Climate Monitoring: Regularly monitoring weather and climate conditions to make informed decisions and adapt farming practices accordingly.
• Shifts in Growing Zones: Recognizing that optimal growing areas for certain tropical fruit crops may shift due to global warming, growers may need to adapt by relocating their orchards or selecting different fruit varieties.

Government agencies, agricultural researchers, and extension services play a pivotal role in guiding and supporting tropical fruit growers in adapting to climate change and implementing sustainable practices to ensure the long-term viability of tropical fruit production.

Hence, the third phase of the DFNet Project aims to establish an international network of experts dedicated to addressing the impact of climate change on tropical fruit production and contributing to mitigation strategies for smallholder farmers in the Asia-Pacific region. International collaboration and information sharing are essential to tackle climate change and food security challenges. This will be achieved through project workshops and information platform that enable stakeholders to learn from one another, strengthen regional and international partnerships, and collectively develop innovative solutions. By facilitating cross-border cooperation, the project can leverage diverse expertise, resources, and perspectives, ultimately fostering more effective responses to climate change impacts on tropical fruit production. The information platform of the 3rd phase DFNet will highlight the climate change impacts on tropical fruit production and continue to collect and disseminate the priority themes included in Phase I and II.

Objectives

• Discuss and identify mitigation strategies for addressing the impact of climate change on smallholders in tropical fruit production.
• Compile best practices tailored for farmers in the Asia Pacific Region and formulate recommendations for promotion and dissemination.

Themes

Field visits: 
    •    Durian, mango, mangosteen, cocoa and banana orchards
Forum
    •    Overview of the Fruit Industry in your Country/ Region 
    •    Specific Climate Change Challenges Faced in your Country/ Region
    •    Major Impacts on Fruit Production and Supply Chains
    •    Adaptation/ Mitigation Strategy and Policy
    •    Best Adaptive Practices Developed for Smallholders

Workshop Highlights

The DFNet 2024 Project planned two workshops with a similar format and objectives: one in Thailand in March and the other in Taiwan in May. The Thailand workshop in March included 2.5 days of field visits to observe orchards in Chiang Mai and Uttaradit, followed by a half-day forum at the Furama Hotel, Chiang Mai to discuss topics related to the workshop themes. Approximately 40 participants from eight countries (Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam) attended the workshop. Among them, 22 were DFNet Consortium Members from these eight countries, four were from FFTC, and the remaining participants were primarily faculty members from Maejo University and Naresuan University in Thailand, invited by our Thailand DFNet Members.

Field visits:

In Day 1 field trip, we traveled from Chiang Mai to Uttaradit and visited Lin Lab Lae orchard and Hui Lei orchard where planted durian, mango and mangosteen trees. We observed the orchard management, cultural practices, and pest control of native and commercial varieties. After that we visited Sittidej orchard and its packing house. We interacted with the orchard farmers and owners and tasted the food products, and particularly the durian flower recipes.

In Day 2 field trip, we were heading back to Chiang Mai. On the way back, we visited Cacao orchard in Handong where we observed the cacao processing, seeding and enjoyed the cocao drink. In the morning of the 3^rd day, we visited banana orchard and durian orchard, both in Mae Tang.

In Day 3, the morning was spent visiting banana and durian orchards in Mae Taeng, observing cultivation methods specific to these crops, followed by a half-day forum in the afternoon at the Furama Hotel, Chiang Mai to discuss topics related to the workshop themes.

The field visits highlighted the emerging role of northern Thailand in durian and cacao production due to climate changes making these regions more suitable for such crops. These visits underscored the adaptability of local farmers to shifting environmental conditions and the diversification of agricultural practices to include crops like cacao and bananas, which are not traditionally dominant in the region.

Mango

In Thailand, mango production is predominantly concentrated in the central and northeastern regions. Provinces such as Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi, and Samut Sakhon in the central region are known for their fertile soils and favorable climate, making them ideal for mango cultivation. Similarly, northeastern provinces like Chachoengsao, Khon Kaen, and Udon Thani contribute significantly to mango production, growing popular varieties like Nam Dok Mai and Keo Savoy.

Mangosteen
Mangosteen, on the other hand, thrives in the southern and eastern regions of Thailand, with provinces like Chanthaburi, Rayong, and Trat being the main production areas. The humid tropical climate and ample rainfall in these areas create optimal conditions for mangosteen cultivation. Although mangosteen is less commonly grown in the northern region, there are some smaller plantations due to suitable microclimates in provinces like Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai.

Durian
Durian production in Thailand has traditionally been concentrated in the southern and eastern regions, including provinces such as Chanthaburi, Rayong, and Chumphon. These areas offer the tropical climate required for durian cultivation, with high humidity and consistent rainfall. Popular durian varieties like Monthong, Chanee, and Kanyao are primarily grown here.

Recently, new durian plantations have emerged in northern Thailand, including in provinces like Chiang Mai and Uttaradit. These regions, traditionally not known for durian production, are now exploring durian cultivation due to shifting environmental conditions influenced by climate change. Warmer temperatures and altered rainfall patterns have made northern areas more conducive to durian farming, offering a potential new frontier for durian production in Thailand.

Cocoa
Cocoa cultivation in Chiang Mai and other northern regions of Thailand is a relatively recent development. Farmers are exploring cocoa as an alternative cash crop due to shifting climate conditions and increasing global demand for chocolate. The mountainous terrain of northern Thailand offers microclimates that can support cocoa growth, especially when combined with the appropriate shade management and irrigation techniques. Chiang Mai's experimentation with cocoa is part of a broader diversification strategy to enhance local agricultural productivity.

Banana
Banana cultivation is widespread in Thailand, including Chiang Mai, due to the suitable climate and soil conditions. Chiang Mai's warm temperatures, coupled with its seasonal rainfall, provide a conducive environment for banana growth. The region's diverse topography allows for different banana varieties to be cultivated, catering to both local consumption and export markets. Bananas are often intercropped with other plants, contributing to agricultural biodiversity and soil health.

DFNet Consortium Forum
The DFNet 2024 Project invited 22 experts, primarily nominated by the FFTC Technical Advisory Committee, to participate in the project and contribute to the post-field visit forum. These experts were asked to share country-specific information and discuss topics related to the five thematic areas.

• Overview of the fruit industry in your country/ region
• Specific climate change challenges faced in your country/ region
• Major impacts on fruit production and supply chains
• Adaptation/ mitigation strategy and policy
• Best adaptive practices developed for smallholders

Approximately half of the members delivered country reports for the Thailand workshop. A comprehensive report, summarizing the key messages related to each of the five thematic topics based on these presentations, has been prepared. After the members' review, the full report will be made available on the workshop website for open access. This report presents the summary of each presentation.

Dr. Peni Lestari, BRIN, Indonesia (02)
The presentation by Peni Lestari and Rinna Syawal highlighted the impact of climate change on Indonesia's fruit industry and outlined strategies to enhance resilience and sustainability. As a tropical archipelago, Indonesia's climate is conducive to diverse fruit production, with bananas, mangoes, and pineapples being major crops. However, climate change poses significant challenges, including heat stress, drought, excessive rainfall, and increased pest and disease incidence, all of which disrupt fruit production and supply chains. These issues have led to fluctuating yields, economic losses for smallholder farmers, and increased costs for pest and disease management.

In response, the Indonesian government has implemented several initiatives to mitigate these effects. These include financial support for green projects, water management techniques, pollination management, and the promotion of intercropping and agroforestry. The adoption of technology, such as IoT-based smart irrigation and early warning systems, is also encouraged to optimize resource use and adapt to environmental changes. The presentation underscores Indonesia's commitment to building a resilient and sustainable fruit production industry through a combination of government policies, technological innovation, and sustainable farming practices.

Dr. Hide OMAE, JIRCAS, Japan (04)
The presentation by Hide Omae and Shinsuke Yamanaka from the Japan International Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) outlined the state of tropical fruit production in Japan and addressed the challenges posed by climate change. Japan produces a variety of tropical fruits, including pineapples, mangoes, and passion fruit, although it also relies heavily on imports to meet demand. The changing climate poses significant challenges, particularly temperature increases, which could shift the areas suitable for cultivating traditional temperate fruits like mandarin and apple, potentially making more areas viable for tropical fruit cultivation. High temperatures also increase the risk of heat-related injuries to fruits, which can affect their quality and yield, alongside a potential rise in pest and disease pressures.

To mitigate these challenges, Japan is focusing on several adaptation strategies. These include the development of high-temperature-tolerant fruit varieties and introducing more tropical fruits into agricultural production. Protective measures like shading nets are being explored to minimize the impact of high temperatures. JIRCAS plays a critical role in this effort through its research initiatives, which focus on developing stress-tolerant cultivars, improving cultivation techniques, and optimizing production methods. Notable practices include the use of floral disbudding to enhance mango fruit set, developing virus-free passion fruit via micrografting, and refining soilless cultivation techniques. The presentation highlighted Japan’s commitment to innovation and adaptation to ensure the sustainability of its fruit production industry amid changing climatic conditions.

Mr. Yacob Ahmad, Consultant, Malaysia (06)
Yacob Ahmad from the International Tropical Fruit Network (TFNet) presented an overview of climate change adaptation strategies for Malaysia's tropical fruit industry, focusing on durian, papaya, and pineapples. Malaysia, situated in the humid tropics, experiences heavy rainfall and stable temperatures but faces climate-related challenges such as flooding, heat stress, drought, unpredictable weather patterns, and salinity due to saltwater intrusion. These challenges significantly impact fruit production, leading to crop losses, soil degradation, increased pest and disease incidences, and disruptions in supply chains.

To mitigate these impacts, Malaysia is implementing several strategies focused on soil and water management, infrastructure development, and capacity building for farmers. Measures include establishing Permanent Food Production Parks in low-risk areas, promoting agroclimatic and soil suitability assessments, and enhancing accurate weather reporting. Farmers are encouraged to adopt adaptive farming practices such as intercropping, using raised beds, applying mulches, and utilizing bio-organic fertilizers. Advanced techniques like Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR), integrated pest management, and smart agriculture technologies are also being promoted to reduce environmental impact and improve resilience. The presentation underscored the importance of these adaptive strategies to ensure the sustainability and stability of Malaysia's tropical fruit production in the face of climate change.

Dr. Bong M. Salazar, UPLB, Philippines (08)
Bong M. Salazar from the Institute of Crop Science at the University of the Philippines Los Baños presented on the impacts of climate change on the Philippine fruit industry and the strategies being developed to address these challenges. The Philippines is a major player in the tropical fruit market, with bananas, coconut, pineapple, and mango as its key crops. Climate change poses significant threats to industry, including increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, and soil degradation. These changes can lead to plant stress, disrupted flowering and fruiting cycles, lower fruit quality, reduced yields, and heightened susceptibility to pests and diseases, all of which threaten both local agriculture and the country’s position as a leading fruit exporter.

To combat these challenges, the Philippines is adopting a range of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Mitigation efforts focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural practices, while adaptation involves altering cultivation techniques to make crops more resilient to climate impacts. The government, research institutions, and international organizations play crucial roles in supporting these initiatives through frameworks like the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) and the Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation (PSCCA). Climate-resilient technologies, including improved crop varieties, site-specific nutrient and water management, automated weather stations, and soil moisture sensors, are being developed and implemented. Projects like SARAi (Smarter Approaches to Invigorate Agriculture as an Industry in the Philippines) aim to introduce science and technology innovations to strengthen agricultural resilience, ensuring the long-term sustainability and productivity of the fruit industry in the Philippines.

Dr. Araya Arjcharoen Theanhom, KU, Thailand (13)
Araya Arjcharoen Theanhom from Kasetsart University highlighted the impact of climate change on Thailand's fruit industry and the strategies being implemented to adapt to these changes. Thailand, a leading producer of tropical fruits, relies heavily on its fruit industry for domestic consumption and export revenues, with major markets including China, the United States, and Southeast Asia. Climate change has disrupted traditional growing seasons, leading to changes in the timing of flowering, fruit set, and harvest, thus affecting yields. Extreme weather events such as droughts and floods, along with increased pest and disease pressures, have further impacted fruit production, resulting in reduced yield and quality, which directly influences export revenues and market stability.

To counter these challenges, Thailand is focusing on reforming its agricultural systems to be more resilient to climate change. This includes adopting sustainable farming practices such as crop rotation, organic farming, and the use of cover crops to enhance soil health. Efficient irrigation systems and smart irrigation technologies are being promoted to optimize water use, especially during droughts. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies are also being implemented to control the rise in pest and disease incidences with a reduced reliance on chemical pesticides. The adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices, training for farmers, and the use of data-driven decision-making tools like GIS are key components of Thailand’s approach. By embracing these adaptive strategies, Thailand aims to maintain its position as a major fruit producer and exporter while ensuring the sustainability of its agricultural sector in the face of climate change.

Dr. Ming-Te Lu, TARI, Taiwan (15)
Ming-Te Lu from the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute presented on the challenges and adaptation strategies for litchi production in Taiwan, emphasizing the impact of climate change on this significant fruit crop. Taiwan's litchi production spans about 9,640 hectares, producing over 42,000 metric tons annually, with main cultivation areas located in regions such as Kaohsiung, Taichung, and Nantou. The main climate-related challenges include rising temperatures, which disrupt the flowering process, variability in rainfall leading to pollination issues and disease, and typhoons that cause physical damage to the litchi plants.

To address these challenges, Taiwan is implementing several adaptation strategies. Adjusting pruning models and using girdling techniques with potassium dihydrogen phosphate sprays are crucial for managing flowering and shoot development. Additionally, Taiwan is transitioning to litchi cultivars that are better suited to the changing climate. For example, 'TNG No. 6,' which requires lower chilling and ripens early, is replacing 'Yu Her Pao' in southern Taiwan. Similarly, other TNG cultivars are being introduced across different regions to match specific climate conditions. These targeted adaptations, including strategic pruning, girdling, and cultivar selection, are essential for maintaining the stability and resilience of litchi production in Taiwan. By adopting these measures, Taiwan aims to safeguard the sustainability and profitability of its litchi industry against the evolving challenges posed by climate change.

Mr. Tzu-I Lee, Taitung DARES, Taiwan (18)
Tzu-I Lee from the Pomology Research Unit at the Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station discussed the impact of climate change on Taitung's fruit tree industry and the technological strategies being implemented for disaster prevention. Taitung County, located in southeastern Taiwan, has a tropical climate with a distinct dry season and a rainy season, making it ideal for cultivating fruits like sugar apples, bananas, and mangoes. However, climate change has led to increased rainfall intensity, extended dry seasons, frequent typhoons, and extreme temperature fluctuations, posing significant challenges to fruit production.

To address these issues, various adaptive strategies are being implemented. Structural reinforcements like horizontal scaffolding and fixed steel bars are used to stabilize fruit trees against typhoon damage. Techniques to prevent sunburn on fruit trees include spraying branches with a mixture of calcium carbonate and white glue water. Improved water management systems, including smart irrigation and drainage, are critical for managing waterlogging and drought. To reduce fruit drops in Atemoya and prevent fruit splitting in sugar apples, Taitung DARES recommends managing crop loads, optimizing fruiting periods to cooler months, and employing double bagging techniques.

Additionally, Taitung DARES has developed a disaster prevention cultivation calendar to guide farmers on timing agricultural practices to minimize disaster impact. Windbreak netting is also advised to protect orchards from strong winds. These sustainable adaptation measures aim to enhance the resilience of Taitung’s fruit production systems, ensuring the long-term sustainability and economic viability of the region's agricultural sector amid growing climatic challenges.

Mr. Nguyen Van Son, SOFRI, Vietnam (21)
Nguyen Van Son from the Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI) presented on the impact of climate change on Vietnam's fruit production industry and the measures being taken to address these challenges. Vietnam's fruit cultivation has been expanding, with 1.25 million hectares dedicated to fruit crops in 2022. Key crops include mango, dragon fruit, durian, pineapple, pomelo, lychee, and longan. Despite the increased area, Vietnam faces significant climate challenges, such as rising temperatures, drought, water scarcity, and extreme weather events like cyclones and floods, which affect fruit production and quality. These climatic changes disrupt flowering, reduce yields, and cause physical damage to fruit trees, leading to supply chain disruptions.

To enhance resilience, Vietnam has implemented various national strategies focusing on sustainable agriculture and rural development. Projects such as the National Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Strategy and the Project for Developing Key Fruit Trees aim to bolster the resilience of the fruit industry through advanced cultivation techniques and technological integration. Key adaptation strategies include selecting climate-resilient fruit varieties, improving water management through advanced irrigation and drainage systems, and utilizing climate monitoring and early warning systems to help farmers make timely decisions. For smallholders, climate-smart agricultural practices are being promoted to maintain soil health and enhance productivity. These practices include adjusting planting dates, using organic fertilizers, and adopting crop rotation and intercropping. Technical guides and handbooks are also provided to assist farmers in implementing best practices. Vietnam's comprehensive approach aims to sustain its fruit production industry and strengthen its position as a leading exporter of tropical fruits amidst the challenges posed by climate change.

Conclusion

The DFNet 2024 Project's Thailand workshop successfully provided a platform for knowledge exchange and collaboration among experts, researchers, and practitioners from the Asia-Pacific region. The workshop featured 2.5 days of field visits to orchards in Chiang Mai and Uttaradit, offering participants valuable insights into the practical aspects of tropical fruit cultivation, including durian, mango, mangosteen, cacao, and banana. These visits highlighted innovative orchard management techniques, cultural practices, and pest control methods, emphasizing the adaptability of local farmers to changing environmental conditions.

The forum held at the Furama Hotel facilitated in-depth discussions on key topics related to the challenges and opportunities in tropical fruit production under the influence of climate change. Experts from eight countries shared country-specific information and strategies, focusing on the five thematic areas: an overview of the fruit industry, specific climate change challenges, impacts on fruit production and supply chains, adaptation and mitigation strategies, and best adaptive practices for smallholders. These discussions underscored the importance of climate-smart agriculture and the need for collaborative efforts to develop and implement effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.

At the end of the forum, DFNet Project Coordinator, Dr. Ray-Yu Yang, presented a proposed matrix of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices designed to address the interlinked challenges of tropical fruit production and climate change. She discussed the plans for the next workshop in Taiwan and highlighted the consortium’s critical role in compiling and disseminating adaptable practices for tropical fruit farmers. Additionally, Mr. Yacob from Malaysia shared a reference book published by the FAO and introduced a framework for climate-adaptive pineapple production. The DFNet Consortium recognized the importance and urgency of compiling and promoting best practices for fruit farmers across the Asia-Pacific region to help them adapt to the impacts of climate change on fruit production.

The success of the DFNet project including the consortium is well supported by the FFTC Director and financially backed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Taiwan, demonstrating strong institutional support for these initiatives. By fostering regional cooperation and focusing on practical solutions, the DFNet Consortium is playing a critical role in promoting sustainable fruit production practices in the Asia-Pacific region.

Outcomes

The outcomes of the workshop, including the country report PPTs, the comprehensive report on the key messages from the presentations, will be instrumental in guiding future efforts to develop a guidebook to support tropical fruit farmers in adapting to climate change. The insights gathered will also inform the upcoming workshop in Taiwan, where further discussions and knowledge-sharing will continue. By fostering regional cooperation and focusing on practical solutions, the DFNet Consortium is playing a critical role in promoting sustainable fruit production practices in the Asia-Pacific region. More information can be viewed on the workshop website: https://km.fftc.org.tw/workshop/25